The word sonobuoy is a portmanteau of sonar and buoy according to Wiki. The first U.S. sonobuoy was the CRT-1 used in W.W.II. Like the Mk 24 "Fido" Mine (Wiki) it could only hear cavitating propellers.
Submarines Diving
In most movies about submarines there is the diving practice where the captain says "Dive . . . Dive . . . Dive" and you hear a Klaxon horn (Wiki) sound. A big thing is made of timing how long it takes to dive to some depth. This comes about because aircraft specify how they turn by how long it takes to fly a full circle. For medium size airplanes this might be two minutes. Note the rate of turning is specified by the time for a circle, not bank angle or the diameter of the circle. So if an aircraft flies over a submarine and makes a tight circle to come back to attack it a second time the submarine has maybe 2 minutes to dive to safety.
This emergency dive process will go faster if the submarine is full speed ahead since there are some similarities between aircraft and submarines in the sense of how they respond to the elevator. At full speed ahead the propeller(s) will cavitate (Wiki) which makes a lot more noise than normal running. This extra noise was needed in order for the CRT-1 Sonobuoy and the Mk 24 "Fido" Mine (homing Torpedo) to work.
Types of Sonobuoys
ADAR: Advanced Deplorable Acoustic Receiver
ADLFP: Advanced Deplorable Low Frequency Projector
ALFEA: Active Low Frequency Electro-Acoustic
BARRA: means Listening in an indigenous Australian language - The Barra Sonobuoy System, Barra Sonobuoy Design, horizontal array
BT: Bathythermograph
CAMBS: Command Activated Multi-Beam Sonobuoy
CASS: Command Activated Sonobuoy System
CFS: Command Function Select (set function with 2-way radio when buoy is in water)
CO: Calibrated Omni type acoustic sensor (5 - 20 kHz)
CSO: Constant Shallow Omni type acoustic sensor (30 - 5000 Hz)
DICASS Directional Command Activated Sonobuoy System
DIFAR: DIrectional Frequency Analysis & Recording type acoustic sensor (5 - 2400 Hz)
EER: Extended Echo Ranging - uses small explosion as sound source see patent 2402391
EFS: Electronic Function Selector (RF Chan, Life, Depth, Sensor type, AGC)
HIDAR: High Dynamic Range DIFAR
LOFAR: LOw Frequency Analysis & Recording - low cost, the waterfall display good for classifying a contact
RDRH: Rotating Directional Receiving Hydrophone
REFS: optical Remote Electronic Function Select (either while in launch tube (easy) or in water (requires laser))
RO: Range Only
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Transport
Canada SU
0850 makes provision for shipping experimental
sonobuoys in this container. But there are limitations: (a) all the dangerous goods are contained within the aluminum body of the experimental sonobuoy described by drawings no. 200896, 200898, 200702, 200671, 200836 and 200837 deposited by Ultra Electronics Maritime Systems, a division of Ultra Electronics Canada Defense Inc. on Transport Canada's Transport Dangerous Goods Directorate file A 4069-0850; (b) the sonobuoy contains a single UN0454 Igniter having a net explosive quantity equal to or less than 0.15 g; (c) the sonobuoy contains a maximum of 2 cylinders of UN1013, Carbon dioxide, each having a capacity equal to or less than 0.120 L; (d) the sonobuoy contains a quantity equal to or less than 40 "C" size lithium batteries that meet the requirement of paragraph (1) of Special Provision 34 of Schedule 2 of the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations; (e) the sonobuoy is packaged in the military performance specification plastic shipping container type CNU-239/E specified in the drawing 012-159-0009-00 deposited by Ultra Electronics Maritime Systems, a division of Ultra Electronics Canada Defence Inc. on Transport Canada's Transport Dangerous Goods Directorate file A 4069-0850; |
This is a beacon transmitter that just transmits a narrow pulse in the sonobuoy frequency range. But, the signal requires a receiver with about a 150 kHz channel bandwidth.
Since the only information it sends is it's center frequency, probably one of a small list of possible frequencies and one of two possible duty cycles the process gain is extremely high.
During the Vietnam era there were airplanes circling over areas where ground based sensors were placed to relay the VHF sensor signals to a ground station (Wiki). This page was made because of the similarity of ground based intrusion sensors and sonobuoys. They both work the same way and both have the same reception requirements.
My guess is that today there is a satellite system doing the same thing. This system would receive in the 136 to 173 MHz range and use digital IF processing, similar to what's done in the HP 4395A combined spectrum network and impedance analyzer. If that was the case then it would be straight forward to have the ability for this receiver to receive not only sonobuoy signals but also the waveform used by the Black Box.
This makes sense in that the system would have world wide coverage without the need to have planes circling 24/7 like in Igloo White.
The WiNRADiO MS-8118/WSB Sonobuoy Telemetry Multichannel Receiving System (WiNRADiO) covers 136.000-173.500 MHz (custom frequency ranges available) with an IF bandwidth of 30 kHz @ -6 dB.
They also have a WiNRADiO AX-61S Sonobuoy Telemetry Antenna that covers 135 to 175 MHz.
The G315i receiver can be ordered with an optional hardware wide band demodulator that's the same as in the sonobuoy receiver: WR-G315i Receiver Options or for the WR-G315e Receiver Options .
Note the black box beacon transmitter may be associated with the SEAL Delivery Vehicle (Wiki: SDV).
That would be perfect for receiving the Black Box signal (thanks to Chip Veres) for letting me know about the MS-8118. But this raises a new question, what else generates such a wideband signal?
The transmission frequencies of some black box units are: 164.5375 & 164.5875 MHz. Note neither of these is on channel 4 (164.50 MHz) and they differ by 50 kHz, not likely an accident.
Chan |
Freq |
Chan | Freq | Chan |
Freq |
1 |
162.25 |
6 | 166.00 | 11 |
169.75 |
17 |
162.625 | 22 |
166.375 | 27 |
170.125 |
2 |
163.00 |
7 |
166.75 | 12 |
170.50 |
18 |
163.375 | 23 |
167.125 | 28 |
170.875 |
3 |
163.75 |
8 |
167.50 | 13 |
171.25 |
19 |
164.125 | 24 |
167.875 | 29 |
171.625 |
4 |
164.50 |
9 |
168.25 | 14 |
172.00 |
20 |
164.875 | 25 |
168.625 | 30 |
172.375 |
5 |
165.25 |
10 |
169.0 | 15 |
172.75 |
21 |
165.625 | 26 |
169.375 | 31 |
173.125 |
16 |
173.50 |
3116471 Radio sonobuoy system, Jesse J Coop, Dec 31, 1963, 367/3, 367/5, 367/113, 367/101, 367/126, 367/115, 318/638 - In the present invention a multi-beam directional hydrophone is utilized in a radio sonobuoy system whereby an immediate quadrant location and an accurate distance measurement of a reflecting object from the multi-beam directional sonobuoy can be obtained from a single pressure pulse generated in the water area of interest. - DIFAR
3987404
Underwater Direction Finding System, Sanders, (filed:
Nov 3 1967) Issued: Oct 19, 1976, 367/3;
367/125;
367/126
-
"An underwater direction
finding system includes a pair of directional
hydrophones and a compass in a novel arrangement which
associates the signals from all three elements with a
single subcarrier. Subsequent demodulation of
the subcarrier signals in an airplane or ship then
provides directional information directly referrenced
to the earth's magnetic coordinates."
Calls:
|
ignee | Title | |||
US4078222 | Nov 20, 1969 | Mar 7, 1978 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy | Direction determining apparatus |
US4371957 | Dec 12, 1969 | Feb 1, 1983 | Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence | Antisubmarine warfare system |
US4604733 | Jan 3, 1984 | Aug 5, 1986 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus for determining range and bearing |
US4653033 | Oct 4, 1984 | Mar 24, 1987 | Thomson-CSF | Goniotelemetry system |
US4691305 | Sep 5, 1985 | Sep 1, 1987 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air force | Automatic attenuator for sonobuoys |
US4872146 | May 23, 1988 | Oct 3, 1989 | Canadian Patents & Development Limited | Method and apparatus for simulating phase coherent signal reflections in media containing randomly distributed targets |
US4914734 | Jul 21, 1989 | Apr 3, 1990 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force | Intensity area correlation addition to terrain radiometric area correlation |
US5859915 | Apr 30, 1997 | Jan 12, 1999 | American Technology Corporation | Lighted enhanced bullhorn |
US5885129 | Mar 25, 1997 | Mar 23, 1999 | American Technology Corporation | Directable sound and light toy |
US7088830 | Mar 18, 2002 | Aug 8, 2006 | American Technology Corporation | Parametric ring emitter |
US7109789 | Jan 21, 2003 | Sep 19, 2006 | American Technology Corporation | Modulator—amplifier |
US7224219 | Sep 18, 2006 | May 29, 2007 | American Technology Corporation | Modulator-amplifier |
US7564981 | Oct 21, 2004 | Jul 21, 2009 | American Technology Corporation | Method of adjusting linear parameters of a parametric ultrasonic signal to reduce non-linearities in decoupled audio output waves and system including same |
Earth's Field Magnetic Detectors
Also see my Flux Gate patents web page.
2252059
Method and a device for determining the magnitudes of magnetic fields, Gustav Barth, Priority Dec 24, 1936, Pub Aug 12, 1941 - rod fluxgate
2560132Unbalanced magnetometer, Schmitt Otto H, Jul 10, 1951, 324/255, 340/870.33 - second harmonic
2488341Detection system, Thaddeus Slonczewski, Bell Telephone Labor Inc, Nov 15, 1949, 324/246, 340/870.33, 324/254, 324/253 - moving parts
Calls:
2485931Magnetic field strength indicator - no moving parts
2468968Magnetic field strength indicator
2027393Cathode ray device
2047609Magnetic field direction and intensity finder
2053154Direct-current indicator
2438964Magnetic field detector - second harmonic magnetometer
Magnetic buoy
2397137Magnetic controlling device, Glennon James B, Maltby Wilson R, Sellman Albert H, filed Jun 25, 1941, pub Mar 26, 1946, 340/850, 324/259, 340/551, 102/417
2644243 Control compass, George E Breeze, Russell I Mason, Us Navy, Filed: Nov 20, 1944, Pub: Jul 7, 1953, 361/280, 33/363.00Q - for use in sonobuoy, eliminates vertical component of Earth's mag field for more accurate mag bearing (for: DIFAR) 3526002
Magnebuoy, Ramond C Waddel, Filing date Mar 31, 1960, Publication dateAug 25, 1970 (maybe withheld secret), 340/852
A water activated battery powers a GE 131 flashlight lamp
(1.3 Volts, 1.3 Watts, i.e. draws 1 Amp)
Box Stk. No. 6230-299-5653 Type J-2, with Water Activated Battery. Spec. MIL-L-7396A(ASG) Application: Life Rafts One Each Item No. 4 Contract No. AF 30(635)-23525 Fulton Mfg. Corp. Mfg/Contr., Wauseon, Ohio A-1 A8- 8/61 Reinspection Date.......... 8/64 |
Plastic Housing Light Sea Rescue Marker Type J-2 MIL-L-7368A(ASC) Specification Part No. N-45A Fulton Mfg. Corp. U.S. ---------------------------------------------- Caution: Do Not Remove Plug for Inspection. |
Function |
Start |
End |
Links |
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AN/CRT-1 |
5 vacuum tubes single
channel FM transmitter between 67 & 72 Mhz. See Roswell Connection below where this was used with "disk microphones" on Project Mogul CANADIAN LANCASTER - AN/CRT-1 SONOBUOY SYSTEM - drawing of aircraft equipment & buoy Chapter 16 - SOFAR, HARBOR DEFENSE, AND OTHER SONAR SYSTEMS Naval History - RADAR - MAD and CRT-1 CRT-1A: 67.7 to 71.7 MHz CRT-1B: 62.9 to 66.9 MHz |
Jun 1942 |
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AN/CRT-4 |
RDRH Mechanical rotation of hydrophone (Ref 6) |
Feb 1943 |
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AN/CRT-1A |
6 channels |
1944 |
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AN/CRT-1B |
separate web page (Differences to -1 and
-1A? Let me know) |
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AN/SSQ-1 | upgraded CRT-4 |
not UK SSQ-20 |
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SSQ-2 | 15 Feb
1955 |
jproc SS-383 |
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1950 start of: Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-20 |
1951 |
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SSQ-2B |
Julie explosive |
1956 |
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AN/SSQ-15 | Julie RO B-size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-23 |
Julie | 1956 |
19 Nov 1964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-28 |
Jezebel-LOFAR | 1960 |
19 Nov 1964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-36 |
BT The BT sonobuoy is an expendable thermal gradient measurement sonobuoy that operates on one of three or one of 99 Radio Frequency (RF) channels. It consists of a thermistor (Wiki) temperature probe that descends through the bottom of the sonobuoy canister producing a continuous reading of temperature versus depth. The thermistor temperature probe will descend to 1000, 2000, or 2625 feet, depending upon the sonobuoy selected.
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SSQ-38 |
30day omni-directional
LOFAR (replaced SSQ-28) 10 to 6,000 Hz 31 chan |
1964 |
1 June
1961 |
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SSQ-41 |
single hydrophone |
1964 |
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SSQ-47 |
(replaced Julie explosive
system) active ping omni directional range only replaced by SSQ-50 |
1968 |
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SSQ-48 |
replacedd by SSQ-41B |
26 Feb
1981 |
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SSQ-50 |
CASS |
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SSQ-53 |
31 RF Channels 10 Hz - 2.4 kHz 90 feet fixed depth |
Sep 1967 |
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SSQ-53A | 90 or 1000' depth 1 or 8 hours |
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SSQ-53B | DIFAR fitted with microprocessor controlled EFS capabilities, with three depth selections [100, 400 or 1000 feet], three operating time selections of 1, 3 or 8 hours, 99 vhf channels.
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1984 |
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SSQ-53D | Dwarf "G" size version of
the B |
1991 |
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SSQ-53D | DIFAR only sensor, 90, 400
or 1000 feet, no CFS -53D(2) 5 Hz - 2.4 kHz 1/2, 1, 2, 4 or 8 hours -53D(3) sea state 6 |
2003 |
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SSQ-53E | Digital version Additional hydrophone @ 45' for CSO CFS 100, 200, 400 or 1000 feet AGC 91.44 cm long |
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SSQ-53F |
DIFAR,
CSO made by combining the 305 cm long SSQ-53E & SSQ-57 NSN 5845-01-475-9870 adds CO hydrophone with directional units (replaces SSQ-57) CFS Rx - single channel UHF Tx - 96 selectable frequencies (136 - 173.5 MHz), 1W 90, 200, 400, 1000 Ft. |
2000 |
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SSQ-57A |
Calibrated-LOFAR 10 to 10,000 Hz See separate web page |
1972 |
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SSQ-62 |
DICASS FM sweeps |
1976 |
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SSQ-62C |
99 channels |
1993 |
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SSQ-62E |
Command Function Select Electronic Function Select 96 chan 136.000 - 173.500 MHz CW Out: 6.5, 7.5, 8.5 or 9.5 kHz |
Sonobuoy Tech
Systems |
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SSQ-77A |
VLAD |
1981 |
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SSQ-77B | " more hydrophones, 2
depths, 2 beams |
1989 |
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SSQ-77C |
" adds RF command function selection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-86 |
DLC |
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SSQ-101 |
ADAR |
FY97 |
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SSQ-110 |
EER |
30 July
1997 |
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SSQ-125 |
advanced EER ADLFP sound
source used with: ADAR sonobuoys like SSQ-53F, SSQ-77C and SSQ-101 |
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SSQ-536 |
BT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-801 |
BARRA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-906 |
LOFAR Omni |
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SSQ-926 |
ALFEA, GPS |
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SSQ-937 |
BT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-954 |
DIFAR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-955 |
HIDAR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SSQ-963D |
CAMBS | Janes |
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SSQ-981 |
BARRA |
This is typically dropped from a friendly sub hunter aircraft in order to send one of a small number of predetermined messages to a submerged sub. It uses audio tones around 3 kHz.
Like the CRT-1 Sonobuoy, ST-1 Bathythermograph and the T346/SRT SOS buoy is 3" in diameter so could be used from the Submerged Signal Ejector on a sub.
YouTube:Submarine Communications: "Signal, Underwater Sound (SUS) Mark 84" US Navy Training Film -
Description
Mk-84 Mod 0
Got this on eBay with a fake nose cone that's been removed. It's just the tail shell, but has markings:
DOD Code: SA-06
FSN: 1360-052-1480
Date Pkgd: (blank)
Contr. No.
N00019-67-C-0322
Mfrg. 94117
Ser. No. (blank)
Wt. 6.5 Lbs. Nom.
NONEXPLOSIVE
SUS MK84 MOD 0
There are 4 tapped holes for attaching the transducer/electronics package. Adjacent to these holes are 4 holes 3/8" dia (total area: 0.44 sq in) that are the inlets for the water activated battery that's inside this tail section. The center hole at the back is 7/8" ID (total area: 0.61 sq in, i.e. much larger than the inlet hold area. Why?).
Fig 1
Fig 2
Fig 3
(MK-84 MOD 1 SUS uses 3.3 and 3.5 kHz audio to generate 5 codes as messages to a sub.)Air to sub communications.
Code |
Morse |
3.3
kHz |
3.5
kHz |
Meaning? |
1 |
M |
- |
- |
|
2 |
A |
. |
- |
|
3 |
I |
. |
. |
|
4 |
N |
- |
. |
|
5 |
off |
cont |
The internal modules have markings like:
Module 1 |
p/o R1170/ARR-52A | 16 Tuning caps for crystal oscillators |
Module 2 |
R-962 A/ARR-52 |
|
Module3 | R-962 A/ARR-52 | |
Module4 | R-962 A/ARR-52 | |
Module5 | R-962 A/ARR-52 |
CQ magazine October 1974, Conversion to 2 meters?
Some info from Radio
Nerds:
ARR-52,A R-962/1170 Sonobuoy Receiver 162.5-173.5 MC AM-FM-Video AM-2375,76/ ARR-52 RF Amps. ARM-53 ARR-52 Test Set AT-933/ ARR-52 Antenna (2 used) C-3109,10*/ R-962/ Control Boxes, 4 & 2 Signal Channels, 16 RF Channels C-4505,06*/ R-1170/ Control Boxes, 4 & 2 Signal Channels, 31 RF Channels NSN: 5845-00-999-6285 C-4506 NSN: 5845-00-999-6286
MT-2258/ ARR-52 4-Receiver Rack MT-2259/ ARR-52 Shockmount for MT-2258/ PP-2479/ ARR-52 PS 115 VAC & 28 VDC in, -6, +18, +135 VDC out RD-53/ARH ARR-52 Bathythermograph Recorder U/W AM-1569/ARR-26 & IP-347/ SB-1084,85/ Signal Level Meters, 4 & 2 Channels
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ASA-20 Control Drift - Compute - Reset PDI (Pulse Doppler Indicator): BDHI (Bearing Distance Heading Indicator): Marker 1 to 6, GTP: Marker 1 to 6 Insert ASA-20 or AQA-1 ASA-20 or AQA-1 A-B: 1 to 6 Computer Ellipse A: Off to 6 Data Release B: Off to 6 |
ASA-31 Julie Control
Panel![]() |
Julie Control |
Deinterleaver Technology for Future ESM systems, Dec 1992 NSWC - each pulse received from a single emitter can be agile in frequency, pulse width, pulse amplitude, pulse repetition interval, but not direction. So using the Pulse Descriptor Word from the ESM sensor a future deinterleaver can sort out each emitter and differentiate between friendly and hostile emitters. ESM systems mentioned:
Racal SADIE
IBM Associative Comparator
Anaren ESM Processor
ALQ-32 Inner Processor
Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) receivers are part of the ESM sensor. But this type of receiver can have problems with two signals at the same time or with a CW signal anywhere in it's frequency range. The proposed configuration is to use narrow band receivers (many channels) and for each channel two paths, one for angle of arrival and the other for characterization of the received signal.
Fig 13 Setup on Ship
Niskin Bottle as reference.
The F.A. BT sink rate is a constant to a first order approximation.
This allows making a roll chart plot where the long axis is time (= depth).
They mention that the changing mass, because of un-spooling the cable,
will slow the sink rate as it goes down (is a second order effect).
The probe and it's shipping container have provision for 3 electrical terminals,
even if only 2 of them seem to be used on the XBT-T4.
USNS James M. Gilliss (T-AGOR-4) (Wiki)
A Biblography of Reports, Articles, and Data References Resulting from
Scientific Operations abord the Navy Pool (T-AGOR) Ships: 1963 Through 1969.
Glass Slides
The early slides were rubbed with Skunk Oil which was blackened using a flame. Later slides were coated with a thin film of metal. This was probably done using the same technique of metal deposition (Wiki) later used in the semiconductor industry. This may also be the method used for making reticles (Wiki) for Gun Sights like the Mk 20 Mod 4. These later prepared slides may have had a graph marked on them to make reading much easier.
Fig 4
A standard 1" x 3" Microscope Slide (Wiki) is shown installed.
It is too long.
The correct size might be 1" x 1.7"
Prepared Slide image from Ripley's
WHEN SONAR WASN’T ENOUGH: THE BATHYTHERMOGRAPH
Marked: Bathythermograph Shallow
From left to right calibrated 30 to 90 deg F.
From Top to bottom depth 0 to 180 (feet, meters)
There will be a plot of temperature v. depth as the Bathythermograph is
lowered to depth and another plot as it is pulled back up.
Dittmore & Freimuth BT
There may be another version that looks identical but has a depth range of 0 - 300 (450?) Feet instead of the 0 - 900 Feet range of this example.
Found this on eBay and recognized it from the patent drawings.
Auction title: WWII USN MECHANICAL BATHYTHERMOGRAPH Dittmore & Freimuth SUBMARINE SONAR vintage
This company lost a hydrophone contract with the Navy because of poor delivery and other issues, see: B-153795, JUL. 17, 1964
This seems to be a company that bids on government contracts for a variety of products rather than a company that has a product line of standard products.
They do hold a number of patents.
Another Dittmore-Freimuth Bathythermograph is marked: FSN 655-739-4360. This unit has a much shorter tail section.
The glass slides may be NSN: 6655-00-676-7987. Another eBay auction shows a wooden box to hold slides marked: Smoked Cards for Submarine Bathythermograph Type CTB 40131.
Photos
Fig 1 Loading sleeve closed.
What appears as a coil of Copper wire at the tail is actually a hollow tube filled with Xylene which acts like the liquid in a clinical thermometer, i.e. expanding when warmed and contracting when cooled. That liquid drives a Bourdon Tube (Wiki) which in turn moves an arm with a stylus in a left or right motion.
Fig 2 Loading sleeve open (moved to front/left).
The microscope slide is connected to the pressure sensor consisting of a spring and bellows mechanism in the front which pushes and pulls the microscope slide front to rear.
Note there is a hole on the opposite side of the Bathythermograph to allow a wooden dowel to be used to push out the scribed glass slide.
2515034 Bathythermograph, William M Ewing (Wiki) Allyn C Vine (Wiki), Us Navy, Filed: May 27, 1944, Pub: Jul 11, 1950, 374/136, 73/300 - rapid response to temp & pressure (recording inside unit) that allows ship to be moving at 20 knots, rather than be stationary.
The nose is a weight to get fast decent.
The front contains the pressure sensor including an evacuated bellows that moves the glass slide front to back.
The middle contains the smoked glass slide used to record the data.
The rear contains the temperature sensor consisting of 40 to 60 feet to copper tube filled with Xylene (Wiki) with a melting point of -47.4 C (-53.3F). It moves the stylus side to side.
Fig 3
Markings visible after outer weight is removed.
Bathythermograph
OC-ED/S
0 - 900 Ft.
Ser. No. 15923
Mfr. 97188
Sippican
Makes surface launched Expendable eXpendable BathyThermographs as well as models for use on submarines SSXBT.
XBT-T4
This unit is a derivative of the Francis Associates BT mentioned in BT Reference 8. It has the same shape. It is paired with a launch tube (the other BT's tested in the reference used other methods). The temperature precision of the Francis Associates BT was the best of those tested but it had an offset.
This model is part of a common set of eXpendable BathyThermographs which also includesNSN: 6655-00-932-1353
These contain a Thermistor which has a non-linear negative temperature coefficient. patent 3341757 & RE27103 are designed to address the problem of converting to a linear temperature output and compensating for the resistance of the very long fine Copper wire's resistance at different ocean temperatures.
Bathythermograph Reference 6 Covers the XBT in chapter C starting with paragraph C10 on page C-9. This is for the first generation where there is a roll chart plot of temperature v. time.
Another problem is the rate of decent in the ocean. This will not be constant because of the un-spooling of the Copper wire from the probe causes its weight to decrease with depth. So assuming a constant decent rate will introduce an error.
While the label says "Patent No. 3,221,556" that first patent is for a single wire system that uses the sea as the return electrical path. More likely is that patent 3339407 applies that provides for two wires.
Model
Max Depth (m)
T-4
460
T-6
460
T-7
760
Deep Blue 760
The T-6, T-7 and Deep Blue (DB) models.
These do not contain a pressure sensor so depth is determined by the time since release and a known rate of decent.
patent number on the label: 3221556
Fig 1 In launch tube as received. The rotational location
of the clip is important since it sets the location of the three electrical terminals behind the label.
Fig 2 Bottom cap pulled off and pin pulled.
Fig 3 Hole in nose allows water to flow inside
to get rapid response on temperature sensor.
Fig 4 Using Flashlight to see wire spool down launch tube.
Fig 5 Note space to the right of tail in launch tube for wire spool.
You can see wire spool in hole just behind metal nose with a
flashlight and your eye, not easy to photograph.
Fig 6 Three Terminals (note Index mark)
16.65 k Ohms at room temp.
The cream colored material is some type of wax. Probing near the outside edge finds a metal plate but if probe is too near the
center there's no contact, so the location of the tips black lines
is about a good place to probe.
Now in the refrigerator overnight to see the difference.
Fig 7 Thermistor (Wiki) recessed in nose hole.
Small thermistor size means fast response time.
There is no electrical connection between either thermistor lead and the metallic nose.
Fig 8
Lockheed Martin Sippican, Inc.
T4
[bar code]
SN 397657 DOM Made in Mexico, 06 / 26/ 06
NSN 6655-00-932-1353
Patent No. 3,221,556
XBT
Expendable Bathythermograph
XBT-T4 Resistance
In order to make some resistance measurements I first checked my refrigerator and freezer and found they were slightly warmer than the desired 40F (4C) and 0F (-14C) readings.
Temperatures measured using Fluke 87V DMM with 80T-150U & Type-K thermocouple.
After some adjusting of the controls and waiting a day for the temperature to stabilize I'm now getting:
Desired
Measured
Thermistor
Resistance
Ohms
Freezer
0F
0F (-18C)
51.30 k
Refrigerator
40F
43F (6C)
22.87 k
Room
na
68F (20C)
17.49 k
SSXBT Model ST-1 Bathythermograph
Submersible Ship (Submarine) launched XBT, i.e. SSXBT made by Sippican Ocean Systems.
When launched from an upward facing 3" signal ejector the complete unit floats upward. The float separates from the lifting body and continues to ascend. When the float reaches the surface the probe and wire spool are released.
This is one of a number of devices that can be launched from the 3" launcher (signal ejector).
Fig 2 Label
Fig 1 3" dia x 36" long
Some Guidelines for the Submarine-Launched Expendable Bathythermograph (SSXBT) System (DTIC Oct 1981, 50 pages) The AN/BSQ-23 (older) and AN/BQH-7 (newer) have higher incidence of failure than the Bathythermographs used aboard surface ships. This document is to help in recognizing when they have failed. Typically used to measure ocean temperature v. depth in 100 foot intervals down to 2,500 feet. This can be used a part of the launch solution for the Mk 48 torpedo. It seems the sub needs to be at the surface to launch the ST-1. Because of the hydrodynamics of the ST-1, it's rate of decent is known, it's possible to know the depth by the time since it was on the surface. It should take 2 minutes 58 seconds to go from the surface to 2,500 feet. If the sub enters a new ocean front (see map on pdf pg 18) the BQH-1 graph will show a change. That can be compared to the SSXBT data to confirm correct operation of the SSXBT. The appendix has 21 example plots each showing a different problem.
The AN/BSQ-23
4518915 Test device for expendable bathythermograph, Philip G. Danforth, Thomas G. Bucko, Kenneth R. Galliher, Joseph T. Lucia, Richard L. Miller, Timothy B. Straw,
Secretary Of The Navy, May 21, 1985, 324/750.01, 324/762.01, 374/E15.001, 374/134 - "...to provide a simulator for testing and calibrating a wide variety of XBT systems used on board surface ships and submarines...."The BQH-1 Depth-Sound Speed can be used as a check on the SSXBT. This plots the speed of sound (time delay for a fixed distance) v. depth (water pressure). Either temperature or sound speed units can be used, it's best to use temperature units to allow matching to the SSXBT data.
AD-758 085, Engineering Evaluation of Depth-Sound Speed Measuring Set AN/BQH-1 Manufactured by Dyna-Empire Corp. Garden City, New York. Contract NOBSR-75772, Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, New London, Connecticut, 10 March 1961.
Bathythermograph Patents
The early Spilhaus Bathythermographs were based on a stylus marking a microscope slide blackened soot. This basic design went through many improvements. It was deployed on a line and recovered to get the glass slide. Note while each of these has a serial number and a custom made calibration chart for that serial number in order to convert the data on the glass slide to depth and temperature. That data was used to determine the Assured Range (AR) of a sonar system. Note the sound is bent downward when the water gets colder with depth and when a submarine on the surface is beyond the AR distance it is invisible to the sonar.
The Submarine Bathythermograph (SBT) is built into the sub and records depth and temperature on paper cards. The sound man will know from charts that contain BT data, as well as other data related to sonar, what to expect in the current operational area. But to get a more accurate picture a deep dive with a fresh BT card in the machine or dropping a BT sonobuoy (SSQ-36 , ST-1 from the surface will give an accurate picture of the current conditions. A lot more info on BT in An Ocean in Common (Ref 4).
Courtland B Converse worked for a number of companies that have patents related to Bathythermographs.
2331810 Bathythermograph, Spilhaus Athelstan F, Submarine Signal Co, Oct 12, 1943, 374/136; 374/143; 73/300 - separate temp and pressure mechanisms
2402143 Parachute pack, Arenstein Gilbert H, Sec of War, Filed: Jun 7, 1944, Pub: Jun 18, 1946, 244/138.00R, 455/99, 343/709, 244/151.00B, 343/889, 441/11, 367/4, 116/26, 455/96 - for sonobuoys with antenna through center of parachute.
2297725 Bathythermograph, Spilhaus Athelstan F, Submarine Signal Co, Filed: Aug 10, 1938, Pub: Oct 6, 1942, 374/136, 374/E01.3, 73/729.1 - marks smoked glass slide with pressure & Temp, Bourdon tube - prior to W.W.II, pull up to get plot
2515034 Bathythermograph, William M Ewing, Allyn C Vine, Us Navy, Filed: May 27, 1944, Pub: Jul 11, 1950, 374/136, 73/300 - rapid response to temp & pressure (recording inside unit) Bourdon tube During W.W.II - design separates pressure sensing from temperature sensing so they can be made and tested separately.
2629083 Expendable radiosonic buoy, Barkson Joseph A, Mason Russell I, Mcnary James C, Filed: Sep 21, 1944, Pub: Feb 17, 1953, 367/3, 343/709, 455/99, 441/33, 441/23, 343/705, 343/901 -
2683987Method of ascertaining unknown data, Earl W Springer, Filed: Jan 2, 1946, Pub: Jul 20, 1954, 374/100, 356/393, 73/584, 367/99 - the importance of depth v. Temp data for sonar. - uses optical comparison of a BT glass slide plot with a catalog of plots to get a rapid interpretation of the meaning in terms of SONAR.
2703009 Bathythermograph, Ewing William M, Vine Allyn C, Filed: Nov 28, 1945, Pub: Mar 1, 1955, 73/178.00R, 346/120, 73/712, 73/742, 374/E01.3, 73/299 - for use on subs
2741126 Thermistor temperature profile recorder, Ernest R Anderson, Arthur T Burke, Navy, 1956-04-10 - drum of wire at surface - cable to thermistor
3098993 Sonobuoy-bathythermograph system, Coop Jesse J, Jul 23, 1963, 367/134, 374/E01.3, 340/870.17, 340/870.6, 367/185, 367/3, 374/E01.4, 73/170.34 - sound output that can be heard by sonobuoy.
3119090 Sea depth determination air survey means
3135943 Underwater thermometric apparatus, Welex Electronics, - sets off a small explosion at a specified amount of change in temperature.
3137264 Underwater towed vehicle, Ii Edward C Brainard, Courtland B Converse, Endeco Inc, Braincon Corp, 1961-11-15, 114/244; 367/106; 114/243 -
3221556 Bathythermograph system, Campbell Walter Graham, Jr William Van Alan Clark, Courtland B Converse, (SIPPICAN OCEAN SYSTEMS Inc), 1965-12-07 - probe has diode in parallel with resistor, single wire w/sea return - marked on T4, XBT NSN: 6655-00-932-1353 - Main Sippican BT system
CA1037290 Apparatus for measuring the properties of water, Walter G. Campbell, William V. Clark (Jr.), Courtland B. Converse, Buzzards Corp, App: 1963-02-06,
3209208 Mounting assembly for modular electronic units, Samuel A Francis, Arthur W Sinkinson, Courtland B Converse, Sippican Corp, 1961-08-14
3273393 Bathythermograph, Spark Wallace R, Douglas Aircraft Co Inc, Sep 20, 1966, 374/136, 340/852, 73/170.34, 374/E01.3, 73/292, 367/134, 374/142 - RF transmitter & matching receiver
3327968 Aircraft towed underwater skip probe, Courtland B Converse, Francis Associates, 1966-04-01, 244/3; 114/244; 174/69; 324/330; 367/106; 114/253; 244/1TD; 73/170.33; 331/36C - aircraft towed sonar probe
3339407 Oceanography probe, Walter G Campbell, W Van Alan Clark, Courtland B Converse, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1965-04-22, - bomb shaped drop probe with 2 wires
Through hole (5a) and blocked hole (5) versions.
3341757 Bridge circuit for determining the inverse of resistance, Dexter E Cate, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1966-07-11, -
RE27103 Bridge circuit for determining the inverse of resistance, Dexter E Cate, Buzzards Corp,3349613 Aquatic probe, Samuel A Francis, Buzzards Corp, 1967-10-31 - works with submarine by adding float to nose of standard probe.
3388372 Determination of ocean sound velocity profiles, Witz Gerhard H De, General Precision, 1967-05-22
3389604 Temperature sensing device, George B Williams, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1965-11-05, - special thermistor to work in sea water and at depth.
3394583 Doppler shift systems and components therefor, James G Dongherty, Donald S Moseley, Vitro Corp of America, 1965-02-16, - Ocean sounding probe
3408867 Temperature measuring sea water probe, insulated wire suitable therefor and method of making same, Charles G Henricks, Mieux William C Le, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1966-10-10, - " fine wire and particularly to wire coated with multiple alternate layers of epoxy and nylon enamel."
3401560 Oceanographic measuring and recording device, Samuel A Francis, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1965-04-07, - describes the 1-wire BT probe system. Processed output on 80 column IBM punched card (Wiki).
3417619 Single wire measuring device for bathythermograph system, Samuel A Francis, Buzzards Corp (SIPPICAN OCEAN SYSTEMS Inc), 1968-12-24 -
3441901 System for measuring sound velocity in water as a function of depth, Cawley John H, Schiff Daniel, Us Navy, Apr 29, 1969, 367/131, 367/134, 73/597, 367/89 - a sound projector, triggered by a surface ship sends a ping to the ships sonar which measures the time delay. Knowing the depth and horizontal distance to the probe allows a direct readout of the sound velocity.
Note in 1969 the ability to measure short time intervals was much poorer than today, so the length of the base line can be shortened from maybe 100 feet to something more reasonable like a yard so that the device could be permanently mounted on a ship or sub.
3469444 Launching apparatus, William H Ayer, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1967-07-17, - one wire spool stays in launcher and the other wire spool is part of the probe.
3479580 Apparatus including a conductivity probe for determining the salinity of water, Hoyt Clarke Hottel Jr, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1965-04-22, - makes use of their standard bomb shaped probe with a central hollow tube, alternating polarity current generators are connected to the single wire.
3483749 Bathythermograph system, Samuel A Francis, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1968-07-22, improves on 3221556 by using a current source and using both polarities in order to cancel out the resistance of the wire and sea water paths so more accurate.
3496525 Expendable transmission loss hydrophone system, Samuel A Francis, Sippican Ocean Systems (Buzzards Corp), 1968-05-29, - 3 wire system.
3504278 Bathythermograph testing apparatus, John A Lyons, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1968-03-12, - just tests wire by using two spools underwater to wind wire to simulate extending all of the wire.
3524347 Expendable bathythermograph for submarines and device for launching, Ralph P Crist, Navy, 1970-08-18
3535924 Bathythermograph system, Richard Bixby, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1969-09-11, - wire spool in probe and wire spool in launch container. But instead of the hollow central tube it uses symmetrical grooves on it's nose to direct water to measuring devices in the tail. Improvement on 3221556. Smaller, lighter, sealed.
3552205 Apparatus for measuring properties of a fluid body from an airborne vehicle, Samuel A Francis, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1968-07-24, - helicopter requires a 3-wire cable instead of the normal 1-wire probe.
3553639 Expendable sonar source, Daniel Schiff, Hoyt Clarke Hottel Jr, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1968-08-09, - water hammer (Wiki) converted onto hi power sound
3588794 Underwater data acquisition device, Samuel A Francis, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1969-04-04, - sonar system
3605492 Preassembled model SXBT flotation device, George D Stohrer, John H Cawley, Richard P Berthiaume, Daniel Schiff, Navy, 1971-09-2
3561268 Expendable bathythermograph, Frank Massa, Dynamics Corp, App: 1969-01-14, - contains both pressure and temperature sensors, uses sound to send back data, not cable.
Citations:4025847 Measurement system including bridge circuit, Ralph G. Washburn, Sippican Corp, 1975-08-27, -
3349613 Aquatic probe (See above)
3038143 Telemetering depth meter, Dow Willard, Navy, App:1956-01-17, - Tubes, uses sound to send temp data. 13 citations.
3069573 Connector assembly for annular piezoelectric transducers, Eugene Van Liew, Navy, App: June 26, 1961, -
3135943 Underwater thermometric apparatus (See below)
3273393 Bathythermograph (see below)
4215571 Expendable bathythermograph for use under ice, Ralph P. Crist, Secretary Of The Navy, Aug 5, 1980, 73/170.29, 374/E01.018, 374/E01.004, 73/300, 73/170.34, 374/136 - a housing for the (SSQ-36?) that floats up and when it hits the surface or the bottom of the ice releases the (SSQ-36?).
4359285 Temperature measurement system, Ralph G. Washburn, Sippican Corp, 1982-11-16 - uses #38 9very fine) wire to get down to 10,000 feet - transistor oscillator circuit draws much less current than thermistor
4673363 Marine measurement device, Alan T. Hudson, David P. Gagnon II, David W. Johns, William J. Langenhein, Jr., Sippican Ocean Systems, 1983-06-15, -Sonobuoy with simple hydrophone, maybe much larger than standard launch tube.
4854728 Seawater probe, George Baron, William H. Vreeland, Neil L. Brown, Sippican Ocean Systems, 1987-05-18, - a glass sealed 2k @ 25C Thermistor is included with the probe with data measured when built. An HP desktop computer (80 series?) is used to correct the as made readings when the probe is actually used. Very similar to how Radiosonde cal works.
5046359 Underwater launched carrier, John L. Layport, Sippican Corp, Filed: 1975-01-24, Pub: 1991-09-10 - launched from sub, floats to surface, then descends
Niskin Bottle (Wiki) aka: Nansen Bottle
Used to get a sample of water from a known depth.
YouTube:
2155442 Means for sampling a liquid, Douglas L Parkhurst, 1938-09-24, 73/863.01; 73/864.63 -General Oceanics: Setup of a Niskin Bottle, 4:06, - Parts of a Niskin Bottle, 1:44 -
2314372 Sea sampler, Athelstan F Spilhaus, Submarine Signal Co, 1941-04-18, 73/863.01; 73/864.63; 73/863.31 -
3242740 Water sampler system, Shale J Niskin, 1963-05-31, 73/863.31; 374/102; 374/157; 73/864.67; 374/136; 73/864.62 -
3339417 Water sampling apparatus, Joseph D Richard, 1964-11-19, 73/863.31; 73/864.63; 73/170.29 -
3489012 Water sampler device, Shale J Niskin, 1967-07-17, 73/863.31; 24/115R; 74/2; 73/864.63 -
3537316 Underway water sampler, Richard L Stewart, Kenneth M Olson Jr, Leonard Walsh, US Navy, 73/170.33; 374/E13.012; 73/864.63; 374/157; 374/136 -
3625066 Water sampling apparatus, Michael L Greene, US Navy, 1970-03-30, 73/864.63 -
GB189900564 Sounding Apparatus for Purposes of Navigation, Zera Luther Tanner, John Bell Blish, 1899-02-11, -
Link between Vietnam Intrusion Detectors and Navy
6 Sep 2019 Discovered the next 3 patents while looking for information on the RR-97/AL chaff brick. The inventors of Navy Sonobuoy containers also invented seismic and acoustic intrusion detectors. This is the link that was obvious 7 years ago in 2012, but now is confirmed.
3891865 Intrusion detector, Salvatore R Picard, Robert F Starry, US Navy, 327/37; 340/539.1; 340/522; 340/566; 340/539.14 - "A low-current detection device responsive to both audio and seismic input signals received over predetermined periods of time at preselected amplitude levels."
Citations3995223 Seismic-acoustic detection device, George A. Gimber, Edward J. Cotilla, Salvatore R. Picard, Robert F. Starry, US Navy, Priority: 1970-02-19, Pub: 1976-11-3, 327/25; 367/93; 181/122 - "an acoustic sensor, a seismic sensor and an acoustic signal transmitter." Inventors are with Navy and have sonobuoy related patents.
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS3139539A *1962-03-30 1964-06-30 Gen Electric Control circuit producing output signal so long as input pulses occur within certain time intervalUS3517316A *1966-03-22 1970-06-23 Res Instr & Controls Inc Surveillance equipment and systemUS3552520A *1968-02-27 1971-01-05 Us Navy Detecting and transmitting system with interval timing meansUS3569923A *1967-10-30 1971-03-09 Us Navy Adaptive acoustic detector apparatusUS3585581A *1969-07-22 1971-06-15 Honeywell Inc Seismic sensor apparatusUS3613061A *1968-08-29 1971-10-12 Bryant D Lund Pressure-responsive, timed, electronic control apparatus and methodUS3691549A *1970-12-02 1972-09-12 Sylvania Electric Prod Signal processor
US3714622A *1969-12-12 1973-01-30 Us Navy Adaptive agc system
Cited by
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS4604738A *1982-02-22 1986-08-05 Honeywell Inc. Method and apparatus for classification of a moving terrestrial vehicle as light or heavy, compensates for different distances from vehicle to sensor by comparing the energy in the acoustic and seismic signals.
CitationsUS8331195B1 *2008-10-20 2012-12-11 Army Computer implemented sensor data analysis - Igloo White (Wiki)
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS3585581A *1969-07-22 1971-06-15 Honeywell Inc Seismic sensor apparatusUS3824532A *1971-09-27 1974-07-16 Us Air Force Seismic signal intrusion detection classification systemUS3891865A *1973-11-14 1975-06-24 Us Navy Intrusion detectorUS3903512A *1974-03-07 1975-09-02 GTE Sylvania Inc Signal processorUS3984804A *1971-11-29 1976-10-05 Navy Acoustic and seismic troop movement detectorUS3995223A *1970-02-19 1976-11-30 Navy Seismic-acoustic detection deviceUS4081785A *1974-02-13 1978-03-28 Air Force Dual class amphibious target discriminatorUS4090180A *1976-03-16 1978-05-16 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Vibration-responsive intruder alarm systemUS4158832A *1961-06-19 1979-06-19 Army Seismic apparatus for discrimination between track-type vehicles and wheel-type vehiclesUS4271491A *1978-11-20 1981-06-02 Simpson Ronald R Intruder alarm systemUS4337528A *1972-12-13 1982-06-29 Air Force Moving vehicle seismic target detector
Cited by
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS4953144A *1989-09-11 1990-08-28 Shell Oil Company Third-party detection around pipelinesUS5007032A *1990-06-08 1991-04-09 Honeywell Inc. Acoustic alert sensorEP0535570A1 *1991-10-01 1993-04-07 Rockwell International Corporation Transient detection processing, especially underwater acoustic signal recognitionUS5229765A *1991-05-08 1993-07-20 Halliburton Logging Services, Inc. SP noise cancellation techniqueUS5737433A *1996-01-16 1998-04-07 Gardner; William A. Sound environment control apparatusUS6385130B1 *2000-09-11 2002-05-07 Navy Dual channel switch with frequency band limitingEP1222445A1 *1999-10-06 2002-07-17 George W. Herndon Seismic weigh-in-motion systemDE4212072C2 *1992-04-10 2002-09-26 Stn Atlas Elektronik Gmbh A method of detecting and classifying sound sources, in particular of vehiclesWO2005034062A1 *2003-10-02 2005-04-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for the evaluation and temporal stabilization of classification resultsUS20070062289A1 *2005-09-07 2007-03-22 Luna Innovations Incorporated Method and apparatus for acoustically weighing moving loadsEP1835308A12006-03-16 2007-09-19 SmartTrig AB Detection unit and a method of using the sameWO2009019706A2 *2007-08-09 2009-02-12 Elta Systems Ltd Method and apparatus for detecting pedestriansUS20100157729A1 *2008-12-19 2010-06-24 Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. Seismic Method For Vehicle Detection And Vehicle Weight ClassificationUS20110199861A1 *2007-03-12 2011-08-18 Elta Systems Ltd. Method and system for detecting motorized objectsUS8331195B1 *2008-10-20 2012-12-11 Army Computer implemented sensor data analysisUS20150168545A1 *2013-12-13 2015-06-18 Agency For Defense Development Distance estimation device and method using the difference of wave speed between waves
Citations
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS3543172A *1968-09-19 1970-11-24 Anderson Jacobson Inc Digital frequency discriminatorUS3641443A *1969-12-11 1972-02-08 Westinghouse Electric Corp Frequency compensated pulse time discriminatorUS3705417A *1971-12-16 1972-12-05 Tel Tone Corp Pulse ratio detectorCited by5054006 Seismic-acoustic detection device, George A. Gimber, Edward J. Cotilla, Salvatore R. Picard, Robert F. Starry, US Navy, App: 1970-02-19 (21 Year Delay) Pub: 1991-10-01, 367/136 -
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS4107616A *1976-01-22 1978-08-15 M. L. Engineering (Plymouth) Limited Signal monitoring circuitUS4230992A *1979-05-04 1980-10-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Remote control system for traffic signal control systemFR2521307A1 *1982-02-11 1983-08-12 Krupp Gmbh Passive method for acquiring data relating to a target that is a mobile preferably acoustic sourceDE3306155A1 *1982-02-22 1983-09-01 Honeywell Inc Device for weight-dependent classification of vehiclesFR2592200A1 *1985-12-24 1987-06-26 Maisonnette Miche lElectronic device for detecting any untimely triggering of an alarmUS4811308A *1986-10-29 1989-03-07 Michel Howard E Seismo-acoustic detection, identification, and tracking of stealth aircraftUS5007032A *1990-06-08 1991-04-09 Honeywell Inc. Acoustic alert sensorWO1991006874A1 *1989-11-02 1991-05-16 Rheinmetall Gmbh Process for determining the direction and range of noise-generating targetsUS5054006A *1970-02-19 1991-10-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Seismic-acoustic detection deviceWO1997019368A1 *1995-11-17 1997-05-29 Stn Atlas Elektronik Gmbh Method and device for detecting pedestriansES2170603A1 *1998-06-19 2002-08-01 Tzn Forschung & Entwicklung Surface mine defenseUS8331195B1 *2008-10-20 2012-12-11 Army Computer implemented sensor data analysis
Citations
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS2646559A *1949-06-09 1953-07-21 Nutzler Paul Gustav Adolf Approach detection by high frequency radiationUS3094929A *1960-07-29 1963-06-25 Singer Inc H R B Detonating systemUS3125953A *1964-03-24 AmplifierUS3147467A *1961-09-07 1964-09-01 American District Telegraph Co Vibration detection vault alarm systemUS3375376A *1964-02-20 1968-03-26 Navy Usa Anti-intruder device using vibration responsive member between light and photocellUS3474405A *1968-05-17 1969-10-21 Us Navy Method and apparatus for detecting the presence of enemy personnel in subterranean chambersUS3543261A *1968-06-14 1970-11-24 Us Air Force Upper threshold circuitUS3569923A *1967-10-30 1971-03-09 Us Navy Adaptive acoustic detector apparatusUS3995223A *1970-02-19 1976-11-30 Navy Seismic-acoustic detection device
Cited by
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee TitleUS5373486A *1993-02-03 1994-12-13DOE Seismic event classification systemEP1835308A1 2006-03-16 2007-09-19 SmartTrig AB Detection unit and a method of using the sameUS8331195B1 *2008-10-20 2012-12-11 Army Computer implemented sensor data analysis - Igloo White (Wiki)US9851461B1 *2012-04-04 2017-12-26 Navy Modular processing system for geo-acoustic sensing - Igloo White (Wiki)
Construction
Since the sonobuoy has a cylindrical ( 4-4/7" O.D.) shape it makes sense to have the electronics in the form of cylindrical modules that can be stacked end to end. These modules are about 2-3/4" O.D. and have a circular connector around the outer edge. For use as an outdoor intrusion detector the hydrophone is replaced with a geophone (Wiki), or other sensor like used to listen for the RF generated from spark ignition engines.
The barrier would consist of a 20,000 air dropped listening devices combined with 240,000,000 Gravel mine and 300,000,000 Button mines and 19,200 Sadeye cluster bombs at a cost of around one billion dollars a year, not including 1.6 billion dollars for research and development, and the construction of a 600 million dollar command center in Thailand.
ARFBUOY Acoubuoy
This is an 18 pound steel cylinder 4-3/4"x22". |
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![]() The central gold colored thing is the microphone. Note all the holes in the front to let sound in and protect the microphone from tree limbs. |
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Battery![]() This is a battery type I don't recognize. If you know about it please let me know what it is. |
Sound Observer (Locator)
Remote Microphone. It's identical to the mike in the Acoubuoy. ![]() This is the same mike that's in the photo at left with the question mark. The 5 socket connector is marked: 7004 Deutsh DBA36-10-5SN-10-6032 The contacts are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 (but no 5). There's a knurled and slotted screw head on the back that can be unscrewed about 1 turn, maybe to normalizing the pressure inside to match atmospheric. See RT-1185 for a similar application. Maybe one of the applications was to locate enemy small arms or big guns? |
Does not call other patents but is cited by:
5434828 Stabilizer for geophone, Roger M. Logan, Ion Geophysical Corp, 1995-07-18 - adds bumps so it will not roll around when on the bottom under water.
6531965 Modular open system architecture for unattended ground sensors, Stephen G. Kaiser, Mark D. Hischke, Shannon Mary Nelson, Stuart J. Collar, Dana Lynn Bourbonnais, Northrop Grumman Systems Corp, 2003-03-11 - the sensor modules look like those on the GSQ-154 & GSQ0160. "unattended ground sensor" (Wiki) mentioned many times.
History of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory - page with mention of UGS.
6823262 Method for conducting seismic surveys utilizing an aircraft deployed seismic source, Phillip Andrew Bahorich, Michael Stephen Bahorich, Apache Corp, 2004-11-23 - plane drops iron bomb w/o explosives, just it's weight hitting the ground makes the signal.
6831699 Deployable monitoring device having self-righting housing and associated method, Yu-Wen Chang, William Grainger, Michael Johnson, William Traeger, Pablo De Los Rios, William Osterholm, Chang Ind Inc, 2004-12-14 - egg shaped device with TV camera.
20060010998 Autonomous reconnaissance sonde, and method for deployment thereof, Roke Manor Research Ltd, 2008-05-20 - based on TV camera in Clay pigeon (Wiki).
WO2016139503 - sounds like a seismic sensor glues itself to the ground
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An eBay ad showed the GSQ-171 beside the USQ-46
receiver. It has what appear to be Vietnamese markings.
What is this: Contact me
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Sonobuoy
1154272 Marine Mine, Emil Senger, Raimund Sauter, Sep 21, 1915, 102/408 - a plug dissolves after a predetermined time scuttling the mine
1308003 Apparatus for detecting and indicating the presence of submarine boats, G.E. Elia (Italy), June 24, 1919, - raises a flag when sub entangles net
1426337 Signaling apparatus for detecting submarines, Sperry Elmer A, Filed: Jul 9, 1917, Pub: Aug 15, 1922, 455/97, 441/11, 343/709, 174/138.00R, 294/111, 313/553, 114/240.00R, 313/243, 102/402, 174/77.00R, 455/99, 174/153.00R, 343/896, 200/83.00R - when net is entangled by a sub the buoy sends a radio signal
2629083 Expendable radiosonic buoy, Barkson Joseph A, Mason Russell I, Mcnary James C, Filing: Sep 21, 1944, Pub: Feb 17, 1953, 367/3, 343/709, 455/99, 441/33, 441/23, 343/705, 343/901 -
1471547 Production of submarine signals and the location of submarine objects, Chilowsky Constantin, Langevin Paul, May 19, 1917 (W.W.I) Oct 23, 1923
367/87, 367/174, 89/41.8, 89/41.7, 310/337 - uses the term "ultra-sonorous" 50 kHz to 200 kHz
1426337Signaling apparatus for detecting submarines, Sperry Elmer A, Jul 9, 1917, Aug 15, 1922, - triggered by net 455/97, 441/11, 343/709, 174/138.00R, 294/111, 313/553, 114/240.00R, 313/243, 102/402, 174/77.00R, 455/99, 174/153.00R, 343/896, 200/83.00R
2361177Method and apparatus for the detection of submarines by airplanes, Constantin Chilowsky, Apr 25, 1941, Oct 24, 1944, -
367/120, 102/419, 244/137.1, 367/130, 102/427, 434/6
1829474Method and device for establishing communication between aircraft in full flight and the ground, Chilowsky Constantin
2397844 Signaling apparatus, Wallace W DeWhurst (RCA) Apr 2, 1946, 367/3, 138/89, 114/198, 455/99, D10/107, 441/11, 73/322.5 - sonobuoy
2402391 Submarine detection, De Witt R Goddard, Rca Corp, Filed: Aug 30, 1943, Pub: Jun 18, 1946, 367/115, 124/51.1, 89/1.51, 367/112, 221/279 -
2420676 Submarine signaling apparatus, Robert E Peterson, Jan 23, 1943 (W.W.II) May 20, 1947, 114/23, 367/150, 114/21.1, 116/27, 181/402, 114/21.3 - uses the term "superaudible frequencies"
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2593432
Falls straight down from aircraft over water. Rights itself, an explosive extends the telescoping antenna, sends distress signal, after timer scuttles. |
Calls:2828475 Remote Control or Measurement Indicating Means, (Sec of Navy), Mar 19 1958 - Sonobuoy that adds direction to sound in addition to just omni directional listening
1731127 Signal Control System (railroad), Oct 8 1929
1859423 Sound Recording - multiple needles for echos
2039405 Remote Metering System (AT&T) -
2066156 signaling Means, Apr 25 1929, - relative motion
2206156 Conveyer?
2206036 Distance Measuring Apparatus and System, J. Herson, Jly 2 1940, - optical aircraft altitude blind landing
2329612 Apparatus for Training Aircraft Pilots, G.E. Hill et al, Sep 14 1943, - includes real time position output
2332523 Ground Track Tracer and Landing Recorder, E. Norden et al, Oct 26 1943, - servo controled pen recorders
2358793 Navigation Instruction Device, C.J. Crane, Sep 26 1944, - scaled movement of student over floor
2373560 Sound Recording Method and Apparatus, J.M. Hanert (Hammond Inst Co), Apr 10 1945 - adding vibrato
2375004 Training Apparatus, May 1 1945 - sound and recoil of a real gun
2444477 Automatic Miniature Radio Range (A-N), 1948 - used with pen recorder
2452038 Photoelectric Radio Compass Trainer Control, 1948 - based on scale map
2459150 Interception Trainer 1949 - call "Link" patents: 1825462, 2099857
calls:
1610779 Signaling apparatus, Gen Electric, Dec 14, 1926 - an underwater device that sends a signal when it receives a signal. aimed at ship positioning, but could also be used for sub detection? A number of patents reference this on.
3377615 | April 1968 | Lutes |
3281765 | October 1966 | Taplin |
2435587 | February 1948 | Harry |
3372368 | March 1968 | Dale et al. |
3539979 | November 1970 | Crall |
2422337 | June 1947 | Chilowsky |
3222634 | December 1965 | Foster |
3275976 | September 1966 | Farmer |
2778332 | January 1957 | Talbot |
3093808 | June 1963 | Tatnall et al. |
3140886 | July 1964 | Cotilla et al. |
3220028 | November 1965 | Maes |
3309649 | March 1967 | Ballard et al. |
3646505 | February 1972 | Kirby |
3701175 | October 1972 | Widenhofer |
4114137 Directional Sonobuoy, (Navy), 367/171; 441/1; 441/28, Sep 12 1978Patent Citations (11)
"In the early days of DIFAR there was no real grayscale on the chart paper which indicated signal strength. Essentially you either had nothing or a real dark line. My logarithmic converter remedied that in that it allowed smooth transitions as signal strength varied. Of course now there would be so many better ways of doing it. However, at the time it worked and everyone was pleased. 73 – Mike" See AQA-7 below.4007316 Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer, Ralph F. Koontz, Magnavox Co, 1977-02-08, 429/118; 429/220; 429/229 -
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Note The silver cylinder on the top of each sonobuoy. It's a gas generator that's electrically triggered. Cartridge-Actuated Device = CAD MIL-C-83124 An alternative to using compressed gas from a tank. See patents directly below. Fig 1 from patent 3905291: ![]() |
The Earth's magnetic field varies between 25,000 and 70,000 Gamma (aka: nanoTesla) (Wiki) depending on the location.
These were originally called Magnetic Airborne Detectors (Ref 3) and was developed by the NDRC (Wiki) and was paired with the use of sonobuoys.
Maximum range 1 to 2 thousand feet. I'm guessing the range includes the depth of the sub, so the deeper the sub the more likely MAD will miss it.
When I lived in Mountain View it was a very common sight to see a P-3 Orion (Wiki) landing or taking off from Moffett Field Naval Air Station (Wiki). They had a "stinger" on the tail that held the magnetic anomaly detector. Here's a Youtube video of the MX-1361/ASQ-8 MAD
It appears to have 3 coils, each about 4" in diameter by 2" thick made by TI mounted in 3 orthogonal directions (X, Y & Z)
The ASA-65 is the motion compensator for the ASQ-81 MAD system. That's to say that any motion of the P-3 will cause the X, Y & Z components of the Earth's magnetic filed to change. To back that out three coils can be placed over the magnetic sensors and those coils driven from the output of the ASA-65.
When testing a MAD a small portable "Gamma Slinger" is used that generates a known (1045' c.g.s units) rotating magnetic field.
1045 Gauss converts to 104,500,000 nanotesla. Since the Earth's field is about 50,000 nanotesla the Gamma Slinger is about 2000 times as strong as the Earth's filed.
It's probably made using a modern permanent magnet rotated on a shaft by a clock work where the shaft and clockwork are all non magnetic. This test device could be used on the flight line to check out the MAD system.
It can easily be detected at over 20 feet using the ASQ-81.
The AN/ASQ-208 is a digital processing type MAD system.
The ASQ-1, ASQ-1A, ASQ-3 and ASQ-3A was used in conjunction with the CRT-1 sonobuoy in W.W.II.
Ref pg 302, Chapter 16, SOFAR, Harbor Defense, and other SONAR Systems, Naval Sonar, NAVPERS 10884, 1953
The ASQ-3A was used as the basis of an magnetic survey of the world.
NOL vector airborne magnetometer type 2A (VAM-2A)
Ref: Airborne Geomagnetic Surveys by the United States Hydrographic Office, Henry P. Stockard, USN Hydrographic Office, NAVIGATION, Journal of The Institute of Navigation, Vol. 4, No. 8, 1955, pp. 320-323. modified to use the Vector Airborne Magnetometer type 2A (VAM-2A)
The Pave Mace system that used the Black Crow MAD sensor was optimized to pickup the magnetic filed from ignition system in Vietnamese vehicles. (link to external web page with photo of it). The plate to the side of the dome with 3 rows of holes along the top and 3 more rows of holes on the bottom has the feel of a slot antenna for VHF or UHF signals, so more of a radio system than a MAD system. If you have any definitive information let me know.
It's not clear if this is a magnetic system or a VHF/UHF radio system.
Jerry Proc: AN/ASQ-81 Magnetic Anomaly Detector - helium magnetometerASQ-8
The system weighs 150 pounds, occupies 7,700 Cu. In., is made up of 6 boxes, uses 44 vacuum tubes and requires 700 Watts of power (115VAC 400~ 3phase & 28VDC). The ASQ-10 weighs 32 lbs., has a volume of 1,200 Cu. In., uses 16 Vacuum tubes and needs only 117 Watts of power. (from NAVPERS 10317-A)
MX-1361 Three Channel (X, Y, Z) Magnetic Sensor
YouTube:
Magnetic anomaly detector - 3 orthogonal coils made by Texas Instruments p/n: 29604 - This is not the anomaly detector but rather the aircraft magnetic orientation sensor used to drive the X-Y movement of the DT-37 magnetometer. See References below.
C820 Control Panel
Label on back: C-820/ASQ-8, NOas 53-340, 439:CGO
Sticker on front panel: RCAF Inspection Due 0439?, 23/68, 7690-21-801-0255, RCAF S69
Labels above grommets: P1301 and P1302 and the cables have been cut off.
Changes 05 and 06 are scratched.
Side panel label: RCAF Instection Due, Batteries Installed 7 Dec 67, 7690-21-801-0255, RCAF S69.
There were internal batteries. What voltages?
Fig 1 Front
Fig 2 Back
Fig 3 Inside top to right.
Fig 4 Inside Maybe precision wire wound resistors at right side.
17H-4 Gamma Slinger
Wiring: A & B = AC input (Voltage TBD), C= ground.
Fig 1
Fig 2 North pole near nut.
Fig 3 Motor: Hurst, Princeton, M.D.
about 60mm diameter
References
Aviation Electronics Technician 3 & 2, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Navy Training Course, NAVPERS 10317-A,
Ch. 14 Magnetic airborne detection equipment.
Ch. 15 Airborne Sonar and Sonobuoys. - SSQ-2B sonobuoy contains an X-band or S-Band RADAR beacon receiver that effects the output frequency in the 162 to 174 Mc range. This is used as an aid in locating the sonobuoy. I'm guessing to make them show up on the search RADAR is bright dots.
The data on the ASQ-10 in the below table is my best guess based on comments in NAVPERS 10317-A (page 401).
TR-218 The Influence of the Natural Enviornment on MAD Operations 1969 - The ASQ-10 will be followed by the ASQ-81 on the P-3 Orion. The ASQ-81 uses an optical pump type magnetometer (Wiki) rather than the flux-gate type magnetometer used on the ASQ-8 and ASQ-10.
YouTube - Andrew Ochadlick:Optically Pumped Magnetometer Sensitivity and Helium-4 Energy Levels 2015 - Part1 (theory), Part 2 (ASQ-81 details), Part 3 (Uncertainty Principal) - very technical/physics. - Google Search "Princeton Lorentz Violation"
Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) Patents
2361177 Method and apparatus for the detection of submarines by airplanes. Constantin Chilowsky, Filed: 25 Apr 1941, Pub :24 Oct 1944, 367/120, 102/419, 244/137.1, 367/130, 102/427, 434/6 - Referenced by 35 patents - not MAD by rather audio
2406870Apparatus for responding to magnetic fields, Vacquier Victor V, Gulf Research Development Co, filed: Jul 21, 1941, Pub: Sep 3, 1946, 324/253, 102/417, 33/361, 318/647, 324/326, 324/345, 324/255, 340/870.33, 102/427
This is THE MAD patent and is referenced by a very large number of others.The following detectors are towed on a cable from a plane flying at 300 feet above the water:
2379447 Antisubmarine device, Lindsey Henry A D, Jul 3, 1945, 102/417, 102/212, 340/551, 324/247, 324/67, 307/652, 324/258, 340/552
2404806 Submarine detector, Lindsey Henry A D, Jul 30, 1946, 340/850, 102/402, 324/247, 324/331
2424772System for detecting magnetic masses, Frank Rieber, Interval Instr Inc, Jul 29, 1947, 324/247, 324/331, 322/1, 324/257, 322/59, 340/870.322485847 Combination magnetometer and gradiometer, Otto H Schmitt, Navy, App: 1944-09-23, (Secret?), Pub: 1949-10-25, 324/244; 340/870.33; 324/255 - two sensors in each wingtip, sum and difference outputs.
Cites 6 including:
2238072 Method and means for locating concealed bodies, Dale H Nelson, William D Buckingham, Western Union Telegraph Co, 1941-04-15, 324/67; 102/406; 324/326; 324/243; 324/345; 405/173 - "...for locating and determining the depth to which a cable, or other body capable of afiecting, distorting and/or producing magnetic lines of force, is buried in the ground or otherwise concealed, and more particularly to locating and determining the depth to which submarine cables and the like are buried in the bed of the ocean or other body of water."
2549857Cable-suspended aerodynamic body, Schonstedt Erick O, Apr 24, 1951, 324/260, 324/262, 114/24, 244/3, 74/5.00R, 324/331, 324/246, 33/397, 33/366.11
2632884Orienting mechanism for magnetic detector devices, Murphy Paul M, Mar 24, 1953, 324/253, 318/647, 324/246, 324/331
2696602Compensated magnetometer, Richard Evans Chauncey, Dec 7, 1954, 324/253, 324/345- uses term " magnetic anomalies" Cited by 133 patents.
3258687 Wide range linear fluxgate magnetometer, J.P. Heppner & H.R. Boroson, NASA, Jun 28 1966, - range 1 gamma to 10E-5 Gauss.
3644825 Magnetic detection system for detecting movement of an object utilizing signals derived from two orthogonal pickup coils, Paul D Davis Jr, Thomas E Mccullough, Texas Instruments Inc, 1972-02-22 -
You see this in movies like The Hunt for Red October or Crimson Tide.
3771115 Simulated submarine target apparatus, McLinden Hugh, - a viscous, gelatinous material having metalic particles suspended in it, is ejected by the sub to form a hollow bag-like structure which is filled with water.
2901997 Sound generator, Arthur H Brooks, Sep 1, 1959 (14 year delay), 116/27, 116/137.00R, 102/418, 367/1 -
3194207 Underwater sound sources, Dunne Brian B, Gen Dynamics Corp, Jul 13, 1965, 116/27, 367/142 - alectric motor driven noise maker + flotation device, cylindrical shape (torpedo tube or smaller?)
4194246 Noisemaker beacon, Ralph P. Crist, Secretary Of The Navy, Mar 18, 1980 (32 years delay), 367/1, 441/22, 441/12 - 10 to 100 kHz output
5117731 Tactical acoustic decoy, Mark A. Mendenhall, Secretary Of The Navy, Jun 2, 1992, 89/1.816, 102/348, 367/1, 102/501 - mounts on ship and jamms infrared, sonar & microwave.
6252822 Countermeasure device with air bag hover system and pressure compensated acoustic projectors, Robert J. Obara, Secretary Of The Navy, Jun 26, 2001, 367/1 - uses compressed air for both depth control and noise making
Maybe called sonar counter counter measures was a type of sonar that was difficult for an enemy to hear.
A hydrophone (Wiki) is an underwater sound sensor. On purpose I did not call it some type of microphone because that would imply it can only respond to sound within the frequency band which human ears can hear. So, I think, sensor (Wiki) or transducer (Wiki) are better terms to use. The key reason for that is most SONAR (Wiki) involves ultrasonic frequencies.
An early piezo electric material used for hydrophones was Rochelle Salt (Wiki) which can be made from ingredients from the grocery store using instructions from YouTube. Since it's water based, getting water on the crystal will dissolve it, so maybe not idea for an underwater application. Barium Titanate (Wiki) is another piezoelectric (Wiki) material used for hydrophones. Although know in the W.W.II time frame, Titanium was not readily available in war time, so Magnetostriction (Wiki) was used for hydrophones early in W.W.II, like used on the CRT-1 sonobuoy.
See my Magnetics web page for an example of Terfenol-D material.
Hydrophone, U. S. Navy
Harbor Detection, Sonic, NT-51038F; P/O type JR-1 Harbor
Detection Equipment. Sensitive listening, frequency range 1 - 20 thousand cycles per second; with 8 Rochelle Salt Crystal Doublets each approx. 3" x 2" x 1", in metal frame w/matching transformer to 25 ohm line, in Castor (?) Oil, encased by heavy rubber jacket 56" long x 2 1/2" in diameter; with 9 foot rubber covered cable 1/2" O.D. w/2 flexible copper wires insulated, plus 2 steel strain wires; to be used down to 400ft. depth while withstanding high pressure explosion waves. Mfg by Brush Development Company. |
Fig
HP1![]() |
Fig HP2 Transformer![]() |
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The Black and Green terminals are physically in line. The White wire is not an electrical connection but rather is where a couple of steel cables attach for supporting the weight of the hydrophone. It's not clear what this is. |
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HP 4395A Plot 1 Hz to 20
kHz RBW: 1 Hz, True RMS detection, 16 averages:![]() |
HP 4395A Plot 1Hz to 20 kHz
RBW: 1 Hz, True RMS detection, 999 averages (54.6 hours):![]() |
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HP 4395A Z transform
Impedance Real & Imaginary![]() |
HP 4395A Z transform
Hydrophone Impedance Smith Chart with Marker List![]() |
Their early work with Piezoelectric
devices (Wiki)
was for microphones and speakers used in air.
The geophones used in Vietnam era outdoor intrusion detectors are functionally seismometers. Hydrophones with good low frequency response can also be used as seismometers. The MERMAID (Mobile Earthquake Recording in Marine Areas by Independent Divers - Earth Scope Oceans) devices drift at a depth of about 1500 feet to a mile and when they "hear" a P-wave (Wiki) they surface, get GPS coordinates and use the Iridium satellite telephone system to phone in the event. The hydrophone output has a 0.1 Hz high pass filter and is sampled at a 40 Hz rate. Note P-waves are very useful for studying the interior structure of the Earth. They are the first (Primary) wave from an earthquake to reach a given location and so are the basis of earthquake alarms (Seismometer)
Son-Of-MERMAID (A tale about MERMAIDs) is also an ocean hydrophone that works more like a sonobuoy. That's to say there's a float with GPS that knows where it is and a 1,000 meter cable supports a hydrophone. An on board recorder captures events that appear to be P-wave events.
Note that this system does not detect S-waves (Wiki) and so is lacking a lot of earthquake data, but it is a way to get some data that covers 3/4 of the Earth (i.e. the oceans where there is currently no data at all on earthquakes).
Found this on eBay but the photos and description were not at all clear. It's a linear array of 6 hydrophones.
Let me know if you have any information on this hydrophone assembly.
Looking for Hazeltine patent that might cover this, no luck, but maybe related ideas like lines of hydrophones.
Box label (Fig 1):
Hydrophone and Retainer Assembly
1 ea.
NOAS 58-548C
Hazeltine Corp Mfg/Contr
A22267-1
A-IA-8X-6/60
Sub-Item 5
Sensitivity Minus _____ db6 EL SH HYD
(6 ELement Small Hydrophone HYDrophone?)
Cable can: 4" dia x 5-3/8" high
This is smaller than an A Size sonobuoy (4-7/8").
Maybe fits inside an A-Size?
Hydro Cup: 2" OD x 5" high
Cup holds 5 hydrophones + cup-end hydrophone
for 6 total.
Fig 1 OEM Box
Fig 2 unknown total cable length.
No depth option, always the same.
Fig 3 latch mechanism (not clear how it works)
5132940 Current source preamplifier for hydrophone beamforming, James A. Culbert, Hazeltine Corp, 1992-07-21 - listening buoys
2891232 Hydrophone for directional listening buoy, Heinrich O Benecke, 1959-06-16 -
2898589 Hemispherical acoustic phase compensator, Abbott Frank Riley, 1959-08-04 - makes use of a miniature replica
3037185 Sonar apparatus and components, Gerhard H Dewitz, Cgs Lab Inc, 1962-05-29 - "In one embodiment of this invention, which will be described presently, a scanning system is provided which does not depend upon mechanically moving parts for controlling the direction of the transmitted beam or the direction of greatest sensitivity of the receiving apparatus, and which permits continuous high speed scanning over any desired area." i.e. beamforming
3064235 Audible broadband sonar monitor, Keith E Geren, 1962-11-13 - a broadband ( kHz to 100 kHz) hydrophone driven receiver with special signal processing for hearing "single ping" sonar at an unknown frequency
3116471 Radio sonobuoy system, Jesse J Coop, 1963-12-31 - directional sound receiving beam coupled with magnetic compass do give directional information DIFAR
3281769 Transducer apparatus, Theodor F Hueter, Honeywell Inc, 1966-10-25 - probably for underwater locator beacon since "for use at extreme depths."
3559160 Spatial surveying and target detection system, Bradshaw Burnham, US Secretary of Navy, Filed: 1963-11-07, Pub: 1971-01-26 "10,000 hydrophones", tubes SOSUS?
3903407 Method for correlating frequency-modulated signals, Bradshaw Burnham, US Secretary of Navy, Filed: 1963-12-11, Pub: 1975-09-02 - photo-optical, SOSUS?
3905320 Low frequency homing system, William J Mueller, US Secretary of Navy, 1975-09-16 - homing system for torpedoes "The low frequency homing system of this invention utilizes lines of hydrophones or transducers spaced along the port and starboard sides, and along the top and bottom sides of a torpedo."
2409632 Guiding means for self-propelled torpedoes, Robert W King, AT&T Corp, 1946-10-22 - active ultrasonic SONAR
4423494 Beam steerable sonar array, Kenneth W. Groves, John D. Lea, Sperry Corp, 1983-12-27 -
6088299 Vertical hydrophone array, Louis W. Erath, Phillip Sam Bull, Syntron Inc, 2000-07-11 - seismic exploration cable includes time delay elements: "traveling wave antenna"
While studying the MH370 disappearance and search (March - April 2014) and in particular the 37.5 kHz ultrasonic pings from the Cockpit Voice Recorder (Wiki: CVR) and the Flight Data Recorder (Wiki: FDR) generated by the Underwater Locator Beacon (Wiki: ULB). This lead to the SOFAR channel (Wiki) and the thermocline (Wiki). A way to determine the depth of the thermocline is to drop an SSQ-36 (see SSQ-36 above) or other Bathythermograph such as the SSXBT (Wiki: BT). Note that the maximum depth of the SSQ-36 is 800 meters, not the center of the SOFAR channel which might be at 1000 meters, but low enough to be in the channel.
2587301 Method of sound transmission, Ewing William M, (Wiki), Us Navy, Filed: Nov 16, 1945 (7 year delay), Pub: Feb 26, 1952, 67/127 - "sound channel" , Fig 7 map showing listening staations: Aleutian Islands, Kurie Islands, Marinas, Saipan Islands & Midway. Explosion set for 675 fathoms.
2601245 Underwater signaling device, Charles F Bowersett, Filed: Jan 30, 1948, Pub: Jun 24, 1952, 181/142, 102/229, 181/125 - contains explosives
2760180 Long range explosive sonobuoy, George Sipkin, Filed: Oct 6, 1949, (7 year delay), Pub: Aug 21, 1956, - explains sound channel
It turns out that a stock sonobuoy can not hear the 37.5 kHz ULB since the highest frequency they can hear is 20 kHz (see DIFAR above). So a stock sonobuoy can not be used to find the CVR or FDR. But all the information about sound propagation in water is applicable to normal sonobuoy operation.
Note that military passive SONAR (Wiki) is designed to pick up the sounds generated by surface ships, submarines and torpedos (maybe 10 Hz to 20 kHz), not aircraft black boxes at 37 kHz. This frequency range does include a lot of sea life so a sonar man needs to know what they sound like, or his computer knows. If you rub your thumb and index fingers together you generate an ultrasonic sound, like that used by Bats, in the 30 kHz region but no normal audio.
Maurice Ewing (Wiki) who discovered the SOFAR channel (Wiki) figured out that the speed of sound vs. depth would cause sound to be "piped" if it was in the SOFAR channel rather than being omnidirectional if not in the channel. He extrapolated that idea to the atmosphere where the speed of sound vs altitude curve has the same shape as the one for speed of sound vs depth in water and so there should also be an atmospheric channel ( it turned out to be at about 50,000 feet whereas the ocean channel is at about 1000 meters deep). By putting microphones (in the 1940s the state of the art microphone technology was the Disk Microphone (used by Orson Wells - Wiki), or disk for short like we now say radio instead of Radio Receiver) in the channel you can hear sounds from very very far away that you can not hear any other way. Disk microphones are called "spring microphones" on eBay. For example rocket launches or atomic bomb testing.
Richard Muller Physics Lecture 11 - Waves 1
Wiki: Sofar bomb - Naval Airborne Ordnance NAVPERS 10826-A (Aircraft Reference book 17) describes the SOFAR bomb on pages 195 & 196 as "a 4-pound cylinder casing carrying the explosive, and a head which enables the operator to select one of the six possible depth settings between 1,500 and 4,000 feet." There is a Pacific ocean map showing receiving stations at Point Arena and Point Sur on the California coast and at Kaneone in the Hawaiian islands.
In the book Principles of Underwater Sound by Robert J. Urick (Reference 10) there is an example of the SOFAR bomb on page 415.
CommunicationThen I watched the UC Berkeley by Richard Muller (Amazon). It turns out that the Project Mogul (Wiki 1947 - 1949) used the bulk of a CRT-1 sonobuoy. They replaced the hydrophone with a string of "Disk Microphones" that was 657 feel long. He also mentions SOSUS and "Hunt for Red October" in passing. The SOFAR bomb was used by W.W. II pilots downed in the ocean. They would throw this hollow metal sphere (SOFAR bomb aka: SOFAR Sphere (Wiki)) into the water and it would sink. After about 5 minutes it would reach about 1000 meters depth and implode. The implosion had the energy of about 2 pounds of TNT. The shore based SOFAR stations would note the time of arrival and triangulate the location of the implosion. Later the Signals (underwater sound) Mk 22 Mods 0 and 1 were developed to work with the shore stations. If an enemy captured one of these SOFAR bombs and cut it open it would be very unlikely that they could determine what it was or how it was used.
Problem: In the sofar method of aviation rescue, a downed aviator drops a 4-lb explosive charge set to detonate on the axis of the deep sound channel. ow far away can the detonation be heard by a nondirectional hydrophone, also located on the axis of the deep sound channel, at a location of moderate shipping in sea state 3?
Solution: (detailed description of calculation) 4,000 miles.
When Project Mogul flight No. 4 crashed outside Roswell the Air Force reported that "flying disks had been recovered" from the wreakage, but the local paper reported it as a "RAAF Captures Flying Saucer". Note the change from plural because there were a large number of disk microphones to singular Flying Saucer".
See my Western Electric 387W Disk Microphone web page for an example of a disk microphone. Note eBay search term "Spring Microphone".
The Wiki page Roswell_UFO_incident - has an image from the Roswell Daily Record, July 8, 1947. The main headline is: "RAAF Captures Flying Saucer On Ranch in Roswell Region". The subheading is "No Details of Flying Disk Are Revealed".
This web page was started because of the connection to Vietnam era seismic detectors (outdoor intrusion alarms). But I still have not determined which sonobuoy was the source for the 2-3/4" diameter cylindrical components of the GSQ-160, if you know please tell me.
In the official Air Force book "The Roswell Report - Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert - Headquarters United States Air Force - 1995 - ISBN 0-16-048023-X (free on line as roswell.pdf) - 993 pages see attachment 32, "Report of Findings on Balloon Research", chapter Project MOGUL, pdf-Pg 303 that describes the underwater sound channel and the idea by Dr. Maurice Ewing (Wiki) that there might also be a sound channel in the atmosphere and how to exploit that idea as Project Mogul (Wiki).
A Google Patents search on inassignee:"Gen Mills Inc" balloon will turn up many patents related to the new type balloon good for high altitude
2526719Balloon construction, Winzen Otto C, Gen Mills Inc, Apr 2, 1948 - key is replacing rubberized fabric with polyethylene (Wiki)
2492800Fast rising sounding balloon, Isom Langley W, Aug 16, 1948 - key non elastic material.
2767940 Balloon with strengthening elements, Donald F Melton, General Mills Inc, Filed: 1953-11-04 -
2767941 Seam for gored balloons, Frederick J Gegner, Alan A Reid, General Mills Inc, Filed: 1953-11-04 -
In the book An Ocean in Common: American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment (Ref 4) they mention that the sound channel in the Atlantic ocean is 4,000 feet but in the Pacific it's at 2,500 feet. (page 173).
June 2018: In the book UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth edited by Benson Saler - There is a chapter on the ML-307 Radar Reflector.
The Project Mogul balloon flights (Wiki) are described as being run as an unclassified program to develop constant altitude balloons, not the actual flights with disk microphones. Project Genetrix (Wiki) balloons carried 600 lb. cameras. Ran 1955 to 1958.
2666601 Constant altitude balloon, William F Huch, General Mills Inc, Filed: 1952-02-15, Pub: 1954-01-19
2606443 Exploration of troposphere stratification, George W Gilman, Bell Labs, Filed: 1946-06-14 - shows existence of sound channel, although not called that
3070335 Automatic lift augmentation for balloons , Leland S Bohl, William F Huch, Edward P Ney, John R Winckler, Secretary of the Navy, Filed: 1959-08-04, Pub:
1962-12-25 - has the feel of Skyhook balloon (Wiki) flies at 100,000' (harder to shoot down)
3369774 Balloon envelope structure, Jr Arthur D Struble, Filed: 1961-08-02 -
also see: Radiosonde and New UFO Information April 2014
Black Box for ships
6706966 Hardened voyage data recorder, L3 Communications Corp, 2004-03-16 - a black box for ships. Based on the 1974 the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention. - Patent Citations (89) -
There are many similarities with the CRT-1, but . . .
It looks like mid 1960s (date code, TO-3 power transistor in power supply, 1xx and 3xx tubes).
Someone has scratched SONOR on one of the sheet metal covers with an arrow pointing down. This implies it's an active pinging unit rather than a passive listening only unit.
That is reinforced by the large space for batteries.
This is not mine. Photos and information supplied by Michael, VK4ZKT
UnKS Fig 1
UnKS Fig 2 Tubes may be 12AT7,
not low voltage like in the CRT-1.
UnKS Fig 3
UnKS Fig 4
6856578 Underwater alert system, Daniel J. Magine, Kevin D. Kaschke, Feb 15, 2005, 367/134 - Ocean Technology Systems Diver Recall System DRS-100?
The Regulus Missile (Wiki) seems related to this patent by the Martin Co.
2735391 Warship Weapons System, Including Aircraft Storing and Launching Arrangement, H.H. Buschers, Glenn L Martin Co, 1956-02-21, -
2792599 Seal, Gantschnigg Gottfried Karl, Herbert H Buschers, Glenn L Martin Co, 1957-05-21, -
3" Launch Tube devices top to bottom:
T-347/SRT Buoy, Radio Transmitting - launched from submarine
Vaisala RD93 GPS Dropsonde - launched from airplane
SUS: Signal Underwater Sound - launched from airplane
Sippican Ocean Systems SSXBT Model ST-1 Bathythermograph -launched from submarine
aka: Submerged Signal and Decoy Ejectors (SSDE)(Wiki)
Maritime.org - 12-4-01 Submerged Signal Ejectors - 6" internal diameter:
These are similar to 100mm diameter torpedo tubes are probably are located in torpedo rooms. These tubes can be used to launch various devices that fit the 100mm (4") tube.
Countermeasures, emergency beacons, signal flares, small explosive charges and probably a Bathythermograph (would require a way to handle the trailing wire) . . .
T-347/SRT Submarine Rescue buoy that transmits SOS SUB SUNK SOS is about 3-1/4" dia x 40-1/2" long and can be launched using the SSE.
Ref 8 mentions a 3" signal/decoy ejector (pg 69 photo of Bathythermograph & its terminal) that can be used for the Submarine Launched One-way Transmitter (SLOT)(pg 70). In the Glossary (pg 308) "usually 3-inch".
So are there two different small launch tubes, i.e. 3" and 4" or has one of these become a standard? let me know
2710458 Underwater acoustic decoy, Reed Donald G, Sec of Navy, Filed: Jun 14, 1945 (10.0 year delay), Pub: Jun 14, 1955, 434/6, 114/20.1, 367/1, 434/25 - passive SONAR training device
Fig 1: either 3x32" or 4x43", most likley 3x32"
Fig 9: either 3x24 or 4x32"
This may or may not be launched from a sub.
2981927 Underwater sound transmitter, Vaughn G Mckenney, Sec of Navy, Filed: Apr 4, 1946 (15 year delay), Pub: Apr 25, 1961, 367/1, 455/18, 114/20.1, 360/6 - returns SONAR pings at same frequency but offset in time (very similar to RADAR countermeasures).
Fig 1 shows a length/diameter ratio of 11.5, so if 3" dia then length is 34", if dia is 4" then length is 46".
Since a yard or meter shows up as a practical length then I'd assume this is a 3 x 34" device.
Mentions: 2793589 Buoyancy control device, Atchley Raymond D, Filed: May 3, 1944, (13 year delay), Pub: May 28, 1957, 102/414 -
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5003515 Submarine emergency communication transmitter, Albert S. Will, Frank C. McLean, Sylvan Wolf, Samuel H. Kauffman, John C. Hetzler, Jr., Charles A. Lewis, George E. Maxim, Secretary Of The Navy, Filed: May 28, 1964, (27 year delay) Pub: Mar 26, 1991, 367/131, 367/145 -
Image flipped so that it's oriented as if in the water. There are 7 drop bombs which are released by explosive bolts and they explode after 20 seconds so that their depth will be controlled (probably within the sound channel (see Roswell Connection above). If the sink rate was the same as the Mk IX depth charge (15 fps) then after 20 seconds it would be down to 300 feet which is too shallow to get into the SOFAR Channel (Wiki). I suspect the time delay is really much longer to that the drop bombs get into the SOFAR Channel.
The timing of the drop bomb release translated into one of a number of coded messages.
The length/diameter ratio is very small so will not help to determine its dimensions.
5044281 Submarine flare with vertical attitude determination, Peter Ramsay, Brian W. Whiffen, Gerald M. Bushnell, Victor Nanut, Robert C. Czigledy, Robert J. Swinton, Maxwell J. Coxhead, Timothy R. Clarke, Australia, Sep 3, 1991, 102/340, 102/224, 102/351, 102/357, 102/354 -
The length/diameter ratio is 12.67, so: 3" x 38" or 4" x 57", seems to indicate it's 3 x 38".
Just looking up the systems listed for the Update II.
Navy.mil: Standard Aircraft Characteristics, P-3C Update II.pdf , 12 pages, 1984 -
Coms
Data Terminal
ACQ-5A
Teletypewriter
AGC-8
Intercom
AIC-22(V)1
UHF
ARC143B
HF
ARC-161
Emerg. Trans
PRT-5
Crash Locator
URT-26(V)
VHF Comm Group
618N-3/A
Armament
Harpoon Ctrl
AWG-19B(V)1
Nav
True Airspeed
A24G-9
Central Repeater
AM-4923/A
Flight Director System
AJN-15
Altimeter
APN-194(V)
Navigation Set, Radar
APN-227
RAWS
APQ-107
UHF DF
ARA-50
LF-DF
ARN-83
Omega
ARN-99(V)1
TACAN
ARN-118(V)
AFCS
ASW-31A
Horiz. Situation Ind
ID-1540/A
Periscope Sextant
MS28011-7
OTPI Receiver
R1651/ARA
Sonobuoy Reference Set
ARS-3
VHF Navigation Group
VIR-31
Inertial Nav System
LTN-72
Non-Acoustical Sensor Data
ESM Set
ALQ-78A
Radar
APS-115B
IFF
APX-72
SIF
APX-76A(V)
SAD ASA-64A
Compensator ASA-65(V)2
Compensator ASA-65(V)2 MAD ASQ-81(V)2
IRDS AAS-36
IRDS VIdeo REc Grp OA-8962/ASH
Disp Grp, Tact Aux (TADS)
OD-159A
Acoustical Sensor Data
Sonar Comp Rec Grp
(Triple Vernier)
AQA-7A(V)6/7
Sono Recorder Sys AQH-4(V)2
Sonobuoy Rcvr Sys
ARR-72(V)
CASS (Modified) ASA-76A
Bathythermograph SSQ-36/RO-308
Sea Noise Meter ID-1872A
IACS OV-78/A
Data Processing/Display
Tact Disp
ASA-66
Radar Scan Conv
ASA-69
Tact Dsip Grp
ASA-70
Avn Unit Comp
ASQ-114(V)4
Data Anal Proc Grp
AYA-8B
Synchro Conv
CV-2461A/A
Time Code Gen
TD-900A/AS
Dig Dta Rec Rep
ASH-33
ACQ-5 Data Link
This is a data link system based on the aircraft HF-1, HF-2 or UHF-2 radios. Uses Navy Tactical Data Systems serial protocol which includes symbology.
PP-6140/ACQ-5 Power Supply
C-7790/ACQ-5 Control Monitor - modem control
CV-2528/ACQ-5 Data Terminal Set Converter-Control - 26-bit serial modem in normal use: Clock Select=Master, Control=Operate, then other troubleshooting controls are disabled.
Communications Interface No. 2 - converts 30-bit parallel computer words into 26-bit serial data
Used with Link 11 (Wiki: MIL-STD-6011) and KG-40 (Crypto Museum)crypto.
AIC-22 Aviation Inter Communications
Aircraft intercom using headsets. The prior system was the AIC-18. There were complaints of the radios interfering with the intercom and an investigation showed that using fiber optics would decrease the problem.
AM-3364/AIC-22(V) Interconnecting Box Amplifier
ARC-143 UHF Radio
Control head
Tranceiver
ARC-161 HF Radio
C-9245/ARC-161 Control Box
RT-1000/ARC-161 Receiver Transmitter
AM-6561/ARC-161 RF Amplifier
CU-2070/ARC Antenna Coupler
works with TSEC/KY-75 Remote Control Unit
PRT-5
Floating buoy that transmits on 8.364 MHz and 243.0 MHz. 1/4 Watt output power on both bands and a 3 day battery capacity. Looks like a replacement for the Gibson Girl. A 9 foot ling telescoping HF antenna will not be very efficient on HF (0.076 wavelength).
AQA-7 Sonar Computer Recorder Group (Triple Vernier)
"That system was the AQA-7 that "burned" the recorded data on paper. In it's original form it was call the "Jezebel" and we'd often call the acoustic operators "Jez" even after it was long gone from the aircraft. It would scroll like a fax machine and at the end of the mission, the paper would be turned in to the debriefing gang for reconstruction. One positive thing was the paper was an immediate visible replay of the information gained by the sonobuoys and the operators would also write and do computations on the paper itself. Plus an operator could cut off the paper and remove from the machine and review back in time while on the mission to maybe see if contact was missed. The negative was the nasty smell this machine produced!!!!!!!
Initially the buoys were "Lofar", or basically the buoy would detect a sound and give the operator a circle around the buoy and it would take multiple buoys to localize to a small area to search. "Difar" buoys, which provide sound recordings, but more importantly, direction from the buoy were the next important tool to be developed and replaced Lofar. Two or three buoys with lines pointing to a noise source and there it is where those lines intersect.
The USN went away from the AQA-7 when the P-3C Update III came on line in the mid 1980s. The acoustic processing system was now all computerized, Lofar buoys were a thing of the past. The new system was called the UYS-1, and the big and probably final upgrade to that system was introduction "CHEX" or channel expansion, allowing the aircrews to have 99 channel capabilities for buoy channel numbers of buoys instead of only 32 (see Channels above). Now, all the data is recorded on tapes that had to be replayed on ground based computer systems to review the mission and compare with operator notes. (Operators could not do this in-flight). That system is what is featured in the Hickory Aviation Museum's P-3C (See below), with plasma panels to enter data and manipulate the buoys. When flying, the operator on the right was the lead, he'd usually do the Difar work, which was passive only, just listening for noise. The other operator was usually in training and would help and also do the Dicass, or active buoys should they be authorized. Dicass would provide a range and bearing from buoy to target with burst of energy, just like sonar.. I flew on aircraft with both systems, and a lot comes down to the quality of the operator and numerous other factors such as oceanographic conditions, and of course, the target itself. Hope that answers the question, if not, let me know., I had 3k+ hours flying P-3C?s." . . . . Brian Harrison
"I concur with what Bill said for the most part. The AQA-7 operators, SS1 and SS2, didn't provide circles. They would provide frequency of the signal, its signal strength, time of detection and loss of signal. Based on the signal strengths, the TACCO could draw circles around the buoys on his display to help localize the target. The greater the signal strength, the smaller the circle. Where the circles intersected, if they did, could provide possible target locations. That was only useful if the signal was direct path (nearby the buoy), but not if the signal was actually from a convergence Zone (CZ) (much farther away). The TACCO would use tactics to determine between the two. The tactics would include more Lofar buoys and/or some Difar buoys." Brian's brother.
Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story - IMDB - Claims that the Navy used her invention on DIFAR sonobuoys in the RF link back to the airplane. The reference cited is:
http://www.rism.com/atribute.htm#sonobuoy
Which no longer is on line and archive.org does not have a copy.
But that's a false claim since the link back to the aircraft is non encrypted. and doesn't need to be before the existence of satellites. There's no enemy to hear the transmission. Even today with satellites it's questionable if there's any value in encrypting the link.
Also see: Aircraft Reference books, Submarine References, Torpedo Reference Books,
ASW To Catch a Shadow - Anti-submarine Warfare, P-3 Orion, USS Scorpion 20850 HD - 29 minutes
Goblin on the Doorstep - ASW Anti-submarine Warfare 20870 HD - 29 minutes -Collecting microscope slide from early Bathythermograph,
ASW: Tracking the Threat 1982 US Navy Training Film; Anti-Submarine Warfare - 23 min - Launching Bathythermograph -
BT data after launch of BTU.S. NAVY SONOBUOY INDICATOR GROUP AN/AQA-1 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE FILM 51114 (28:53) - 17.5 minutes @2:16: ANB-H-1 Headphones -
Works with:U.S. NAVY MK-84 SONOBUOY TRAINING FILM SIGNAL UNDERWATER SOUND (SUS) 81204 - 12 minutes - Sound Underwater Signal Mk 84 Mod 0. Non Explosive, can be set to one of 4 preset codes. 2.95 & 3.55 kHz: can be heard with: AN/BQR-2, AN/BQR-7, AN/UQC underwater telephone on the third harmonic (aprox. 10 kHz)
R-316A Dual receive channel sonobuoy receiver - 16 frequency channels
ARR-26
SSQ-15 Range only (sends out pings every 5 seconds)
SSQ-20 DIFAR
SSQ-2b non-directional (Explosive type)
Coordinated Anti-Submarine Warfare - SONAR, Sonobuoys, USS Stein, USS Badger 20890 HD - 19 minutes - about fleet operations
ASW The Submariners - USS Shark, Anti-submarine Warfare Maneuvers 20800 HD - 29 minutes - @12:22: USS Holland First US sub
Hunter Killer Anti-Submarine Wwarfare U.S. Navy Film 30102 - 21 minutes - Edward R. Murrow (Wiki) - Prop planes
Blind Man's Bluff - History Channel Documentary - 1hr 35min - Some factual errors, see: SOSUS
HD Historic Stock Footage AERIAL ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE - @4:34 MAD chart output,
The Guide To Submarines Documentary - welldone
Inside a Navy anti-Submarine Lockheed P-3 Orion Aircraft - Moffett Field Museum -14 -
Visualizing Humpback Whale Calls using DIFAR Sonobuoy -
Modern Sonar Sounds and other Sounds of the Sea - LOFAR
Lockheed P-3 Orion Training Mission- Part 1, Part 2 -
P-3 Orion 50th Anniversary -
Project Tinkertoy (IC Precursor) 1953 US Navy; Automated Manufacturing of Modular Electronics - @4:43 shows Sonobuoy (or?) -
Submarine Communications: "Signal, Underwater Sound (SUS) Mark 84" US Navy Training Film -
P3 Orion SSQ-801E BARRA Sonobuoy deployment (1:28) - deploys into a 3 dimensional structure
Greyhounds of the Sea - History of the U.S. Navy Destroyer 80260 , 26:53 - narration by Jack Web. (new movie " Greyhound", 2020 IMDB -
Aircraft
Cars
CRT-1B Sonobuoy
CRT-3 BC-778 Gibson Girl Survival Beacon Transmitter SCR-578
Helmholtz Coil (Helmholtz Resonator)
Magnetics
Navigation
MIL-S-5807A Sextant, Aircraft, Periscopic (used on the P-3, see Hickory Aviation Museum virtual tour below)
SSQ-57 LOFAR Sonobuoy
Submarines
T-347/SRT Buoy, Radio Transmitting
Torpedoes
Hickory Aviation Museum - P3-C interactive tour - Grab circle behind pilot's seat and look up to see this periscope sextant mounted in ceiling of P-3.
The Cutting Edge ASWS-3 Viking 1980 VS-24 (23:50 training video)
Sub Killers Part 11960 Walter Cronkite S2F Tracker - USS Randolf exercise
Sub Killers Part 2 S2F -
Sippican's expendable probes - temperature, sound velocity, conductivity, etc.
Sonar Training Record Series D16: training sonobuoy audio from records
Expendable Radio Sonobuoy Training Records, 15P3: training sonobuoy audio from records
USS Pampanito Operating Equipment: sounds
Net and Boom Defenses - Ordnance Pamphlet 636A June 1944
Welcome to USS PAMPANITO (SS-383) - SS-383 Sonobuoy web pages - Manual for Expendable Radio Sono-Buoy Training (phonograph) Records -
Chapter 16 SOFAR, Harbor Defense, and other SONAR Systems - Fig 16-9 shows the above hydrophone. - JM-4 sonobuoy schematic dia -
Naval SONAR -
WiNRADiO AX-61S Sonobuoy Telemetry Antenna- 135 to 175 MHz.
Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory. Records of the Underwater Sound Laboratory : an inventory
OEG REPORT No. 51, ANTISUBMARINE WARFARE IN WORLD WAR II, Charles M. Sternhell and Alan M. Thorndike 1946 - links to contents do NOT work
Scientists create the loudest possible (underwater) sound - SLAC: In brief: Record-shattering underwater sound - cavitation puts an upper limit on how loud sound in water an be.
University of Bergen - Sonobuoys - to use SSQ-57 LOFAR for scientific use with modified ICOM 8500 receiver
page created 22 Oct 20112